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You are absolutely right.
你完全正确。
I’m almost ready.
我差不多准备好了。
但enough要放在形容词或副词之后:
The box isn’t big enough.
这个盒子不够大。
He didn’t work quickly enough.
他干得不够快。
(参见第252节B。)
B far需要带比较级或too+原级:
It is far better to say nothing.
不说话要好得多。
He drives far too fast.
他车开得太快了。(超出正常车速很多)
这里可以用much替代far。也可以与最高级连用:
This solution is much the best.
这种解答是最好的。
C 下列程度副词也可以修饰动词:almost,barely,enough,hardly,just,(a)little,much,nearly,quite,rather,really和scarcely。除了much以外,其他的都可位于主要动词之前,与频度副词的用法相同。(参见第38节。)
He almost/nearly fell.
他几乎/差点儿摔倒。
I am just going.
我正要走。
Tom didn’t like it much but I really enjoyed it.
汤姆不太喜欢它,可我倒挺喜欢它。
(关于much参见第33节,little/a little参见第5节D。)
D only也可以修饰动词,从理论上讲它应紧挨所修饰的词,位于动词、形容词、副词之前,位于名词、代词之前或之后:
(a)He had only six apples.
他只有六个苹果。(不超过六个。)
(b)He only lent the car.
他只是把车借出去了。(他没有把车送给人家。)
(c)He lent the car to me only.
他只是把车借给我了。(不是借给别人。)
(d)I believe only half of what he said.
我对他所说的话只相信一半。
但在英词口语中,人们通常把only这个词放在动词之前,通过对only所修饰的词加以重读来体现所要表示的含义:
He only had′six apples.
意思与上面(a)相同。
He only lent the car to′me.
意思与上面(c)相同。
I only believe′half.
意思与上面(d)相同。
E just与only相同,应位于它所修饰的词的前面:
I’ll buy just one.
我只买一个。
I had just enough money.
我的钱刚够。
just也可紧挨动词:
I’ll just buy one.
(译文同上。)
I just had enough money.
(译文同上。)
但有时语序上的变化会引起语义上的不同:
Just sign here.相当于:
This is all you have to do.
你只要在这儿签名就行了。
Sign just here.相当于:
Sign in this particular spot.
你就在这个地方签字。
fairly,rather,quite,hardly等
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'Amber demo'
42 fairly和rather
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A 这两个词都有“相当”、“适中”的意思,但fairly主要用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词(如bravely,good,nice,well等)而rather主要修饰贬义的形容词和副词(如bad,stupidly,ugly等):
Tom is fairly clever,but Peter is rather stupid.
汤姆相当聪明,而彼得就颇笨。
I walk fairly fast but Ann walks rather slowly.
我走得相当快,而安就走得相当慢。
两者都可以与分词连用:
He was fairly relaxed;she was rather tense.
他很放松,而她就相当紧张。
a fairly interesting film一部相当有意思的电影
a rather boring book一本相当乏味的书
不定冠词必须放在fairly之前,但可放在rather之前或之后:
a fairly light box一个相当轻的盒子
a rather heavy box/rather a heavy box
一个相当重的盒子一些本身没有褒贬意义的形容词和副词如fast,slow,thin,thick,hot,cold等,之前加上fairly时表示赞许而加上rather时表示不赞许。This soup is fairly hot(这汤还挺热)这意味说话人喜欢喝热汤。而This soup is rather hot(这汤太热了)就意味着说话人嫌汤太热了点。
B rather可用在alike,like,similar,different等词及比较级之前,这时它的含义是“少许”或“略微”:
Siamese cats are rather like dogs in some ways.
暹罗猫在某些方面长得有点儿像狗。
The weather was rather worse than I had expected
天气要比我预料的还坏。
rather a可以与一些名词连用,如disappiontment,disadvan…tage,nuisance,pity,shame及joke:
It’s rather a nuisance that we can’t park here.
真讨厌,我们不能在这里停车。(有点不方便)
It’s rather a shame that he has to work on Sundays.
真讨厌,他连星期天也得去上班。(有点不公平)
fairly则不能这样用。
C rather可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词之前,如amusing,clever,good,pretty,well等,但其含义变了。这时它几乎相当于very之意,没有贬义,如She is rather clever(她很聪明)。
这句含义相当于She is very clever。rather这样用时显然具有比fairly更深的褒义,如It is a fairly good play(这个戏还算可以)。这一说法会起到劝阻旁人去看戏的作用。但如果说It israther a good play(这个戏很好)则无疑是一种推荐。有时rather这样用时含有“惊讶”之意:
—I suppose the house was filthy.
—No,as a matter of fact it was rather clean.
—我想屋子一定很脏。
—不,它实际上却很干净。
D rather也可用在enjoy与like这两个词前,有时还可用在dis…like与object这一类动词之前:
I rather like the smell of petrol.
我倒很喜欢汽油味儿。
He rather enjoys queueing.
他却很喜欢排队。
rather还可以用来对由以上动词构成的问句作简单回答:
—Do you like him?
—Yes,I do,rather.
—你喜欢他吗?
—是的,我倒相当喜欢他。
rather+like/enjoy主要用于表现一种“喜爱”,而这种喜爱是出乎旁人或说话者本人意料之外的。但它也可以用来强调动词,如I rather like Tom(我很喜欢汤姆)。这就要比I likeTom(我喜欢汤姆)具有更强烈的感情色彩。
(关于would rather参见第297节与第298节。)
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'Amber demo'
43 quite
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这是一个含义容易混淆的词,因为它有两个意思。
A quite与一些表示“完整”、“完全”的意思的词或词组如allright,certain,determined,empty,finished,hull,ready,right,sure,wrong等连用,或与一些具有强烈感情色彩的形容词、副词如amazing,extraordinary,horrible,perfect等连用时,它的意思是“完全地”、“全然地”:
The bottle was quite empty.
瓶子全空了。
You’re quite wrong.
你完全错了。
It’s quite extraordinary;I can’t understand it at all.
这件事太不寻常了,我根本没法理解。
B 在与其他形容词、副词连用时,quite略有减弱作用,因此quitegood赞誉的程度要比good轻。quite这样用时,其含义类似fairly,但它的强度根据它被重读的方式可以有很大的不同:
quite′good(quite弱读,good强读)只比good稍稍弱一点。
′quite′good(重读强弱程度相同)意思是“还算好”。
′quite good(quite强读,good弱读)远不如good。
quite的读音越轻,紧跟在它后面的形容词/副词的意思就越重。
quite的读音越轻,跟在后面的形容词/副词的意思就越重。
注意冠词a/an的位置:
quite a long walk一次较长的散步
quite an old castle一座较古老的城堡
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'Amber demo'
44 hardly,scarcely,barely
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hardly,scarcely和barely这三个词在意义上都接近于否定。
hardly 主要与any,ever,at all或动词can连用:
He has hadly any money.
他几乎没有钱。(非常少)
I hardly ever go out.
我很少外出。(我极少外出。)
It hadly rained at all last summer.
去年夏天没怎么下雨。
Her case is so heavy that she can hadly lift it.
她的箱子太重了,她简直提不起来。
也可以和其他动词连用:
I hardly know him.
我不太认识他。(我只是与他认识而已。)
注意不要把副词hard与hardly搞混:
He looked hard at it.
他使劲地盯着它看。(他在盯着它。)
He hardly looked at it.
他几乎没看它。(他瞄了它一眼。)
scarcely意为“几乎不”,它可以代替hardly。上述例句中也可用scarcely any/scarcely ever等。
但scarcely主要意为“不到”、“不足”:
There were scarcely twenty people there.
那儿连20个人都没有。
(关于hardly/scarcely之后的倒装语序,见第45节与第342节E。)
barely意为“不超过”、“仅仅”:
There were barely twenty people there.
那儿不超过20个人。(刚刚20个)
I can barely see it.
我勉强看得见它。(我只能看见而已。)
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'Amber demo'
动词的倒装
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'Amber demo'
45 某些副词之后的倒装
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某些副词和副词短语,主要是一些含有限定或否定意义的副词和副词短语,为了表示强调可放在句首,这时后面应跟动词的倒装(即疑问)形式。这类副词或副词短语中最重要的有:
hardly ever(参见第38节A、C。)
on no account
hardly…when(参见第342节E。)
only by
in no circumstances
only in this way
neither/nor(参见第112节D。)
only then/when
never
scarcely ever
no sooner…than(参见第342节E。)
scarcely…when
not only
seldom
not till
so(参见第112节A。)
nowhere(参见第36节B。)
例句如:
—I haven’t got a ticket.
—Neither/Nor have I.
—我没有票。
—我也没有。
I had never before been asked to accept a bribe.相当于:
Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.
以前从来没有人试图向我行贿。
They not only rob you,they smash everything too.相当于:
Not only do they rob you,they smash everything too.
他们不仅抢劫你,而且砸烂所有的东西。
He didn’t realize that he had lost it till he got home.相当于:
Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it.
一直到了家,他才发觉那东西丢了。
This switch must not be touched on any account.相当于:
On no account must this switch be touched.
这个开关严禁触摸。
He was able to make himself heard only by shouting.相当于:
Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.
他只有叫喊才能让别人听到他。
He became so suspicious that…相当于:
So suspicious did he bee that