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'Amber demo'
81 指物的非限定性关系从句
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A 主格
用which,这里不用that:
That block,Which cost£5 million to build,has been empty fof years.
那个街区,就是花费了500万英镑建起来的那个,已经空置了多年了。
The 8∶15 train,which is usually very punctual,was late today.
8点15分的列车通常是正点的,今天晚点了。
口语中往往可能这么说:
That block cost£5 million to build and has been empty for years.
那个街区花费了500万英镑建成,已经空置了多年了。
This 8∶15 train is usually punctual,but It was late today.
8点15分的列车通常总是正点的,但是今天晚点了。
B 宾格
用which,这里不用that,而且which决不能省略:
She gave me this jumper,which she had knitted herself.
她送给我这件羊毛衫,这是她亲手织的。或:
She gave me this jumper;she had knitted it herself.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you all the in… formation you need.
这几本书,你可以在任何书店买到的,会向你提供你所需要的一切资料。或:
These books will give you all the information you need.You can get them at any bookshop.
C 介词的宾语
介词位于which之前或者位于从句之后,但不那么正式:
Ashdown Forest,through which we’ll be driving,isn’t a forest any longer.
阿斯顿森林,我们即将驱车通过,已经不再是森林了。或:
Ashdown Forest,which we’ll be driving through,isn’t a forest any longer.
His house,for which he paid£10,000,is now worth£50,000.
他花了一万英镑买的房子,现在值五万英镑。或:
His house,which he paid£10,000 for,is now…
D 与短语动词连用的which
像下面的短语动词look after,look forward to,put up with(参见第三十八章)都应被看做一个整体,即介词/副词不应与动词分开:
This machine,which I have looked after for twenty years,is still working perfectly.
这台机器我已经照管了20年,现在仍然没一点儿毛病。
Your inefficiency,which we have put up with far too long,is beginning to annoy our customers.
我们对你的不称职容忍得太久,而顾客也开始对此感到不满意了。
E 所有格
用whose或of which。
whose一般用来指动物和事物,of which可以用来指物,但是
除在很正式的英语中之外,比较罕见。
His house,whose windows were all broken,was a depressing sight.
他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心酸的景象。
The car,whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable,began to slide backwards.
那辆车的手闸不太可靠,车开始向后滑动。
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'Amber demo'
82 连接性关系从句
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连接性关系代词为who,whom,whose,which。逗号的用法跟非限定从句中的用法相同。连接性关系从句不修饰它们前面的名词,而是继续往下叙述。它们通常位于主要动词的宾语之后:
I told Peter,who said it wasn’t his business.
我告诉了彼得,他说这事与他无关。
或者位于介词+名词之后:
I threw the ball to Tom,who threw it to Ann.
我把球扔给汤姆,他又把球扔给安。
这些关系代词通常可以由and/but+he/she等取代:
I threw the ball to Tom and he threw it…
I told Peter,but he said…
所以,一个处于这个位置上的从句究竟是非限定性从句还是连接性从句有时很难区分。但学习者没有必要做出这种判断,因为这两种形式基本上是相同的。
下面就连接性关系从句再举若干例子:
He drank beer,which made him fat.相当于:
He drank beer,and it made him fat.
他喝啤酒,因此发胖了。
We went with Peter,whose car broke down before we were halfwaythere.相当于:
We went with Peter but his car broke down before we were halfway there.
我们和彼得一起去的,但是还没走到半路他的车子就抛了锚。
如第80节所述,可以用one/two等或few/several/some等+of+whom/which结构:
I bought a dozen eggs,six of which broke when I dropped the box.
我买了一打鸡蛋,六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
He introduced me to his boys,one of whom offered to go with me.
他把我介绍给他的男孩们,有一个男孩子自愿提出和我一起去。
The lorry crashed into a queue of people,several of whom had to have hospital treatment.
卡车冲进了一队人之中,其中有几个不得不住院治疗。
which也可以代表整个从句:
The clock struck thirteen,which made everyone laugh.
时钟敲了13下,这使大家都笑了起来。
He refused to do his share of the chores,which annoyed the others.
他拒绝干他那一份活儿,这使其他的人很恼火。(他的拒绝使他们恼火。)
The rain rattled on the roof all night,which kept us awake.
雨点整夜敲打着屋顶,这使我们未能入睡。
She was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, which made the others jealous.
她对最小的孩子要比对其他的孩子疼爱得多,这引起了别的孩子的妒忌。
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'Amber demo'
83 what(关系代词)和which(连接关系词)
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what(= the thing that/the things that所……的事情):
what we saw astonished us.相当于:
he things that we saw astonished us.
我们所看到的事使我们感到惊讶。
When she sees what you have done she will be furious.相当于:
When she sees the damage that you have done she will be furious.
她要是看到你造成的损坏,她会大发雷霆的。
请务必不要将关系代词what与连接关系词which混淆。记住,which必须用来指前面一个句子中的一个词或一组词。而
what不指前面的任何东西。再者,what常常是动词的宾语,
然而which则常常是动词的主语:
He said he had no money,which was not true.
他说他没有钱,这不是实话。
Some of the roads were flooded,which made our journey more difficult.
一些道路被水淹了,这给我们的旅行造成了更多的麻烦。
(参见第82节。)
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'Amber demo'
84 关系从句中的逗号
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请记住限定性关系从句不用逗号同前面断开。注意下面例句中加上逗号以后意思上产生的变化:
(a)The travellers who knew about the floods took another road.
知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
(b)The travellers,who knew about the floods,took another road.
游客们知道发了大水,都改道走了。
在(a)中有一个限定性关系从句,它对名词travellers的范围作了一定的限制。这个句子的意思是“只有那些知道发了大水
的游客改道走了”,并暗示有些别的不知道这一情况的游客仍走现已被水淹的道路。在(b)中有一个非限定性关系从句,它对前面的名词没有起任何限制作用,这句话暗含的意思是“游客们都知道发了大水并改道走了”。
(c)The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.
想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。
(d)The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed…
那些男孩子想踢足球,对……感到失望。
(c)句中的暗含意思是只有一部分男孩希望踢足球。可以推定有一些男孩子对于下不下雨并不在乎。(d)句中的含义是所有的男孩都想踢足球,并都因下雨而感到失望。
(e)The wine which was in the cellar was ruined.
地窖里的那些酒全都坏了。
(f)The wine,which was in the cellar,was ruined.
酒放在地窖里,全变坏了。
(e)句意味着只有一些酒变坏了或可以推定一些放在别处的
酒大概没有坏。(f)句明确说明所有的酒都放在地窖里而且全都变坏了。
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'Amber demo'
85 whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,
wherever,however
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这些词具有几种不同的含义,可以引导关系从句和其他从句。尽管其他从句严格说不属于本章范围,但是看来最好还是把这些带ever的形式放在一起讲。
A whoever(代词)和whichever(代词和形容词)的意思可以是“the one who”,“he who”,“she who”:
Whoever gains the most points wins the petition.
谁得分最多,谁就赢得比赛。
Whichever of them gains the most points wins.
他们中哪一个得分最多,哪一个就赢。
Whichever team gains the most points wins.
哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper.
谁先到家,谁就开始做晚饭。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.
我们当中不管谁先到家,就开始做饭。
Whoever cleans your windows doesn’t make a good job of it.
不管是谁擦洗你的窗户,他都没干好。
B whatever(代词和形容词),whenever,wherever:
You can eat what/whatever You like(anything you like).
你喜欢什么就可以吃什么。
When you are older you can watch whatever programme you like.
等你长大了,你爱看什么节目就可以看什么节目。
My roof leaks when/whenever it rains(every time it rains).
一下雨(每次下雨),我的房顶就漏。
You will see this product advertised everywhere/wherever you go.
无论你到哪里,都能看到这种产品的广告。
Go anywhere/wherever you like.
你愿意去哪儿就去哪儿。
C whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,wherever,however都可以是 no matter who…(不论……)的意思:
If I say‘ heads,I win;tails you lose’,I will win whatever happens/ whichever way the coin falls。
如果我说“头,我赢;尾,你输”,那么无论什么情况(无论硬币落下后哪一面朝上)我都会赢。
Whatever happens don’t forget to write.
无论怎样别忘了写信。
I'll find him,wherever he has gone.
无论他到哪里去了,我都要找到他。(不论他去了哪儿)
whatever you do经常被置于要求/命令之前或之后以强调其重要性:
Whatever you do,dont mention my name