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我要给你一块糖。/我负责让你得到一块糖。
He shan’t e here.
他不能来。相当于:
I won’t let him e here.
我不让他来。
They shall not pass.
他们不能通过。相当于:
We won’t let them pass.
我们不会让他们通过的。
在过去时中,即在间接引语中,通常改变用词:
He said,‘You shall have a sweet.’
他说:“你会得到一块糖的。”相当于:
He promised me a sweet.
他答应给我一块糖。
B shall 用于表示命令的例子:
Yachts shall go round the course, passing the marks in the correct order.
帆船必须跑完全程,按正确的顺序驶过各个标志。(帆船比赛规则)
Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided.
会员必须把所邀客人的名字登记在提供的本子上。(俱乐部规则)
这类句型结构主要用在规章制度和法律文件中。在不那么正
式的英语中,上述句子中的 shall就可用 must或 are to代替。
(参见第282节。)
C shall you?这种句型比较老式,但有时仍见于某些小说中,可能
因为这种结构比将来进行时简练:
Shall you go?
你去吗?相当于:
Will you be going?
你会去吗?
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'Amber demo'
235 某些动词之后的that…should结构
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在某些动词之后, that+主语+should结构可以代替动名词或不定式结构。
that…should结构在被动语态中是非常有用的形式,有时是被动式的唯一可能的形式。
that…should结构要比动名词和不定式结构更正式一些,常表示忠告者/组织者等人与应当有所行动的人之间的接触不太直接。
下列动词可与that…should结构连用: advise, agree, ar- range, ask, beg, mand, decide, demand, determine,insist,order,propose,remend,request,stipulate,sug… gest, urge。注意还有 be anxious, be determined。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.
她忠告我们要把门锁好。
She advised that the gate should be kept locked.
她忠告我们应当锁好门。
She advised keeping the gate locked/advised us to keep it locked.
(译文同上。)
(参见第267节。)
上述例句中的advise可用 remend来代替,这样语气也较正式一些。
They agreed/decided that the roof should be repaired.
他们同意/决定屋顶必须修补。
They agreed/decided to repair the roof.
他们同意/决定修补屋顶。
He arranged that I should go abroad.
他安排我去国外。
He arranged for me to go abroad.
他安排我去国外。
They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport.
他们安排在机场迎接这位部长。
They arranged for the minister to be met at the airport.
他们安排在机场迎接这位部长。
be anxious(=wish;参见第27节C)后面与 arrange所跟的结构相同:
He is anxious that classes should start/should be started at once.
他急于马上开始课程。
He is anxious for classes to start/to be started at once.
(译文同上。)
They asked/begged/urged that relief work should be given priority.
他们要求/请求/敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。
They asked/begged/urged the authorities to give relief work priority. 他们要求/请求/催促当局将救济工作放在优先位置。
(参见第243节。)
He manded that the army should advance.
他命令部队前进。(他不一定与部队在一起。)
He manded the army to advance.
他命令部队前进。(他很可能跟部队在一起。)
She determined/was determined that he should study music.
她下决心要他学习音乐。
She determined/was determined to let him/make him study music.
她下决心要让他学习音乐。
She insisted that he should study music/insisted on his studying music.
她坚持他必须学习音乐。(参见第262节。)
He ordered that Ann should go.
他命令安必须走。(他大概是要某人转告安。)
He ordered Ann to go.
他命令安走开。(他大概是直接告诉她的。)(参见第320节。)
He ordered that the goods should be sent by air.
他命令货物得空运。
He ordered the goods to be sent by air.
他命令把货物空运。
He proposed/suggested that we should try homeopathic remedies.
他推荐/建议我们应该试一试顺势疗法。(参见第289节。)
He proposed/suggested that homeopathic remedies should be tried.
他推荐/建议说顺势疗法应该试一试的。
He proposed/suggested(our) trying homeopathic remedies.
他推荐/建议(我们)试一试顺势疗法。
They stipulated that the best materials should be used.
他们指定要求用最好的材料。
They stipulated for the best materials to be used.
他们指定,要将最好的材料用上。
有时be前面的should可省略。(参见第291节C。)
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'Amber demo'
236 it is/was+形容词+ that… should结构
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A that…should结构可以用于 it is/was advisable, better, de- sirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary之后;也可用于fair(=just),just,right 之后(这几个词前面常
加 only)以及 reasonable之后,以代替 for+不定式结构:
It is advisable that everyone should have a map.
最好每一个人都有一张地图。
It is better for him to hear it from you.
让他从你那儿得知消息(对他)更好些。
It is better that he should hear it from you.
最好让他从你那儿得知这个消息。
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
有必要让他对此有所准备。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
(译文同上。)
It is only right that she should have a share.
应该有她一份才对。
有时should在be之前可省略:
It is essential that he be prepared.
B that…should 结构可以用在 it is/was absurd, amazing, an- noying, ludicrous,odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising之类的形容词后面,以代替that+现在时态/过去时态结构:
It is ridiculous that we should be(=that we are) short of water in a country where it is always raining,
在经常下雨的国家里我们竟然会缺水,这简直是荒谬。
说过去的事情时有时用不定式的完成式:
It is amazing that she should have said(=that she said) nothing about the murder.
令人惊奇的是她对这桩凶杀案竟然不置一词。
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'Amber demo'
237 should的其他用法
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A 当说话人对某种设想是否合理或正当提出疑问时,可把
should用于 can’ t think why/don’t know why/see no reason why:等后面:
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么竟会认为这件事是我干的。
I see no reason why you should interfere in their quarrel.
我不明白你有什么理由竟然会介入他们的争吵。
当这种设想与过去的事情有关时则用完成式:
I can’t think why he should have said that it was my fault.
我真不明白他怎么能说这是我的过错。
B 作为一种惯用表达法,should与 what,where,who连用以形象生动地表达惊奇的感情:
What should I find but an enormous spider!
怎么也想不到我看见的竟是一只巨大的蜘蛛!
这种惊奇经常掺杂着令人为难的因素:
Who should e in but his first wife!
怎么也想不到进来的竟是他的前妻!
C should用在 lest后面,有时也用在 in case后面:
1 在书面语中,lest…should结构有时放在表示惧怕或担心的词后面:
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks.
他害怕在结冰的石块上滑倒。
对过去的动作表示担心时用should+完成式:
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident.
她开始担心他出了什么事。
2 lest也可用于目的从句,表示 for fear that(惟恐):
He dared not spend the money lest someone should ask where he had got it.
他不敢花这笔钱,怕有人问他钱是从哪儿来的。
如上所示这是一种书面形式。
在这种情况下 in case较 lest更常用,后面可跟 should或一般现在时或一般过去时:
in case someone should ask/someone asked
惟恐万一有人问起(另参见第227节与第337节。)
D should 有时用于目的从句以代替 would/could:
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him.
他戴了一个面罩,好让别人认不出他来。(参见第336节。)
E 在条件句中用should代替现在时态:
If the pain should return take another of these pills.
疼痛复发时,可再吃一片这些药。(参见第224节。)
F should 还用于颇为正式的间接命令,这种命令不一定是向对方直接发出的:
He ordered that Tom should leave the house.
他下命令叫汤姆离开这所房子。(参见第321节B。)
与下面一句比较一下:
He ordered Tom to leave.
他命令汤姆离开。(他亲自告诉汤姆。)
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'Amber demo'
第二十三章?不定式?
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'Amber demo'
238 形式
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A 动词不定式各种形式的举例
不定式的现在式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to work, to do
不定式的现在进行式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?to be working
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to be doing
不定式的完成式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have worked,
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have done
定式的完成进行式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?to have been working
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have been doing
不定式的现在式的被动形式:牋牋牋?to be done
不定式的完成式的被动形式:牋牋牋?to have been done
B 不定式的整个形式包括两个字:to+动词,如上所示;但在一些特定的动词和表达方法之后用不带to的不定式形式(参见第246节):
You had better say nothing.
你最好什么也不说。(参见第