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t。 这些植物通过产生孢子来进行繁殖。孢子是很小的受精细胞,携带着长成一株新植物所需的所有遗传物质,但是孢子没有外部表皮的保护,也无法提供营养。
同义 direction; indication(n。 指示)
intensively[in'tensivli]ad。 强烈地;集中地
例句 1。 During the 1200s; although farmers needed more arable land; they succeeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects。 在13世纪,尽管农民对耕地的需求有所增加,但在农业建设项目的帮助下,他们得以更有效地利用了现有的耕地。
2。 A new village rose on the mound and at the beginning; the inhabitants hunted gazelle intensively。 一个新的村庄崛地而起,而最初的居民主要靠猎杀小羚羊生存。
intervention[?int?r'ven?n]n。 干涉,干预;介入
例句 1。 We know that the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention over the past millennia。 我们都知道在过去的几千年里,气候在没有重大的人类行为干预下,也经历了主要变化。
2。 Today; river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention; so there is a need for international river…basin agreements。 现今,河水的流量越来越多地受到人类的干预,因此需要一个国际性的河流流域协议。
introduce[?intr?'du:s]v。 介绍;采用
例句 Trades between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese introduced new forms and technologies。 西方与稳定而繁荣的中国之间的贸易使新的形式和技术得以引进。
要点 introduce在阅读词汇中曾多次出现,通常表示“介绍,引进;采用”,例如:The camel was introduced around the first century A。D。
introductory[?intr?'d?kt?ri]a。 介绍的;导言的
例句 To understand this question; advanced knowledge in these subjects is not required; but introductory science courses is needed。 要了解这个问题,并不要求具备关于这些学科的先进知识,但科学入门课程是必需的。
要点 该词经常出现在题干中。比如:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below。
invest[in'vest]v。 投资;投入(时间、精力等);授予
例句 Expressive ties are formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people。 当我们对他人投入情感,作出承诺的时候,情感关系就形成了。
investigate[in'vestigeit]v。 研究,调查
例句 1。 An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history。 这次特殊航行的目的之一就是调查地中海的地质情况,并解决与其地质史有关的问题。
2。 The expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features。 探险队调查了无脊椎动物区系的变化和一些罕见的地质特征。
3。 The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions。 这个项目将研究大脑的运作以及发生故障的方式。
同义 check; probe(v。 调查)
派生 investigator(n。 研究员)
joint[??int]n。 关节;接合点 a。 连接的;共同的
搭配 joint…stock partnerships 合资伙伴关系
例句 1。 An increased credit supply was caused by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint…stock partnerships。 银行家和富商通过合资伙伴关系对国家投资并提供贷款,这导致了信贷供给的增长。
2。 They can cause severe pain; particularly around the joints。 它们能导致严重的疼痛,尤其是在关节部位。
要点 尽管joint作为“关节”的意思最常见,但在托福阅读考试中,常见的含义除了“共同的”以外,还有“结合点”,比如:the joints of rocks“岩石的接缝处”。
literally['lit?r?li]ad。 照原文地;确实地;简直
例句 1。 Dependence on long…distance trade meant that the great empires of the Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand。 无论是在现实中还是从象征意义上,对远距离贸易的依赖意味着中东帝国确实是建立在一片流沙之上的。
2。 The term“fossil”often implies petrifaction; literally a transformation into stone。“化石”这一术语通常暗示石化,其字面意思就是变成石头。
要点 除了“确实地”这个含义以外,literally“照原文地”这一含义也在托福阅读考试中出现过。
mental['mentl]a。 精神的;智力的;精神病的
例句 1。 This experience caused him much mental suffering。 这一经历给他造成了极大的精神痛苦。
2。 However; yawning bears no relationship to sleep patterns; and this accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored; but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity。 然而,打哈欠与睡眠模式无关;这与轶事证据吻合——人们不是在疲惫或厌烦时打哈欠,而是在为即将发生的精神或体力活动做准备时打哈欠。
同义 spiritual(a。 精神的);intellectual(a。 智力的)
反义 physical(a。 身体的)
mislead[?mis'li:d]v。(使)误入歧途;(使)误解
例句 Fantasy is one of the common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead young audiences。 幻想也是广告中常用的一种可能误导年轻观众的技巧。
motivate['moutiveit]v。 激励;激发;驱动
例句 In terms of the motivation to reflect; it appears that many matters have not been explored; for example the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit。 关于反思动机方面,还有许多事情未被探究,比如外力驱动的反思与教师养成习惯进行反思的价值的完全不同。
同义 stimulate(v。 激励);inspire(v。 激发);impel(v。 驱动)
mutual['mju:?u?l]a。 相互的;共有的
例句 1。 These were essentially professional associations that provided mutual aid and protection for their members; and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards。 它们都是重要的职业协会,为成员提供相互的援助和保护,并努力维护专业水准。
2。 It is this intense mutual engagement that elicits the display of skills and shapes the emerging form of performance。 正是这种强烈的互动才使得技能展示出来,并塑造出一种新兴的表演形式。
同义 common(a。 共有的)
派生 mutually(ad。 互相地)
要点 在阅读中看到mutual这个词的时候,要注意相关事物之间存在的关系,或一些共有的特征。
neglect[ni'glekt]n。/v。 忽视;疏忽,忽略
例句 1。 Certainly; although their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s; sound experiments was not so far off the mark; yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that; in a sense; would not take no for an answer。 可以肯定的是,虽然他们对20世纪20年代声音实验的技术缺陷的评估不是那么离谱,但是他们没有把电影范畴里不屈不挠的新生力量考虑在内。
2。 What I neglected to mention was the controversy around Peary's pioneering accomplishment。 我忘记提围绕皮尔里开创性成就的争议了。
同义 omit(v。 疏忽)
要点 neglect可以体现对某事物采取的态度。与之相反,要表达“重视”,可以用put emphasis on或者pay attention to。
negotiate[ni'gou?ieit]v。 谈判,商议
例句 1。 The increasing number of banks made it easier for those companies without cash to negotiate loans in paper money。 银行数量的不断增加为没有现款来谈判纸币贷款业务的公司提供了方便。
2。 We've decided to negotiate with the employers about our wage claim。 我们决定就工资问题与雇主谈判。
objective[?b'?ektiv]n。 目标,目的 a。 客观的
搭配 achieve the objective 达到目的;objective reality 客观事实
例句 1。 Teachers seldom have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching methods of others in an objective manner。 老师们很少有时间或机会客观地审视自己和其他老师的教学方法。
2。 The world's architectural structures have been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials。 世界上建筑结构的设计与客观上材料的局限性有关。
3。 Many of these individuals would not have been able to meet their objectives if not for government support。 要是没有政府支持,很多个体是不可能实现他们的目标的。
同义 target; aim(n。 目标)
派生 objectively(ad。 客观地)
相关 表示观点、态度的单词还有:subjective 主观的;neutral 中立的;critical 批评的;doubtful 怀疑的;approving 赞成的。
要点 objective作“客观的”讲时,常用于表述作者的观点态度;而在托福阅读中,也考过其作为“目的”的含义,比如:An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean。
occupation[?ɑ:kju'pei?n]n。 工作,职业;占有,使用;消遣
例句 1。 The occupation of Britain by Roman army influenced and changed the local population。 罗马军队对不列颠的占领影响并改变了当地人。
2。 Relatively; European society was stratified and their occupation and social status were inherited。 相对而言,欧洲社会是分等级的,他们的职业和社会地位也是世袭的。
3。 Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they were before; which made them highly favorable for human occupation。 很多地方的动植物种类比以往多,而这对人类定居非常有利。
occupy['ɑ:kjupai]v。 占用;(使)忙碌;(使)从